A New Battle Of The Civil War - 1396 Words

A New War To Fight The Civil War was one of the most trying moments in American history. Two opinions trying to outweigh each other caused citizens to choose to be united under two different flags instead of one. Both sides, the Union and the Confederacy, have their own interpretation of how the war happened. For example, a citizen (although their identity is unknown) noted that â€Å"The civil war was a whole new type of warfare. Unfortunately, the only way one could learn how to fight in this new type of war was to actually fight in this new type of war.† Overall, this quote is correct and is easy to agree with because not all wars are the same. The changes and lessons learned can range from land space to fighting tactics to technology, like†¦show more content†¦The use of the smooth-bore musket and the rifled musket changed how the war was physically fought. A smooth-bore musket is a type of gun that is smooth on the inside. The bullet is pushed through the smooth barrel and can be l aunched about eighty yards. A rifled musket has a groove and is spiraled in the inside. The actually bullet is closer to the trigger and can shoot four hundred yards. These two different guns bring their own importance to the war because of the new, easy way killing someone became. The rifled musket seemed more effective in the long run, but the smooth-bore musket was just as useful. 620,000 Americans died (although a majority of the death was caused by disease) during this tragic war. The lesson that can be learned from this is that the advancement in technology. can change the death toll in a war and ultimately change the outcome in who wins. The Civil War is one of the wars with the highest death toll of Americans in history. Although the advancement in technology is a clear lesson to learn the first time around, the same lesson is still being taught in wars like the First World War and its inventions like tanks, machine guns, poison gas and much more. Not only did technology have a huge impact on how the war was fought, the physical fighting and tactics also played a role. The battle of Fort Sumter was the attack and abdication of Fort Sumter (near Charleston, South Carolina) and the start of the Civil War.

What determines a successful niche strategy Free Essays

Niche marketing is a very important marketing tool that is defined as â€Å"focusing on sub-segments or niches with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy or sometimes-called focus strategy is a marketing segmentation strategy that concentrates or focuses on a few target markets. Users of this strategy hope that by focusing on a few (one or two) markets segments that are narrow, they would be in a better position to meet the needs of that market. Therefore the company strives to tailor make its marketing mix to suit these specialized markets that it has identified. We will write a custom essay sample on What determines a successful niche strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now By using the niche strategy the company easily stands to gain or have a competitive advantage by being effective rather than efficient. (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy in most cases is suitable for small firms although it is open to any company which would want to utilize it in selecting targets with lesser substitute vulnerability or where there is weak competition. (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) There are several factors that greatly enhance a successful niche strategy and include: – 1) Market –research Before developing any niche market it is very important to conduct a comprehensive market research of the desired market before embarking on any marketing program. Towards this end, a SWOT analysis that highlights the strength and weaknesses of the company vis-à  -vis the market it desires to segment is very necessary. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) The market research will enable the company determine the market characteristics that will enable it serve this particular segment in a better way. Such characteristics would include, customer preferences, desirable price ranges level of competition, product differentiation, distribution channels, the marketing mix and various other important marketing variables.   (Chisnall, P.M.1997) When these characteristics have been established and defined the company on its part designs a marketing model that should suit the target market and be a profitable venture for the company. The market research in itself will enable the company not only identify a market but will give it more information on the demographic history of the market as well. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) 2) Create customer loyalty. One major threat to establishing and growing any niche is competition. Competition may eat up a share of the company’s market, reducing the profitability or worse still drive out the company from the market. Towards this end it is very important for the company to make it its priority to listen to the customers. When the company makes it its goal to carefully listen to the customers, it will have the ability to create products or services that will not only meet customer expectations but will meet their needs as well. Listening to the customer will enable the company differentiate its product range to suit the needs of the niche. This will in turn create loyalty that will enable the company weather any form of competition, in fact when customers are loyal it will be very difficult for them to seek other alternatives or switch to the competitors. (Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J., 1996) 3) Develop two or more niches By developing two or more niches it will prove quite advantageous to the company in several ways. The experiences and lessons gained in other niches will give the company the ability to tackle the challenges that would likely to occur in a different niche. (Baker, M. 2000) Two or more niches on the other hand may work towards supporting each other especially in the advent of any form of competition; for example when one niche is faced with competition other niches can be of great support especially if price competition would be necessary. Two or more niches supporting each other gives the company a leverage that would enable it sustain any form of marketing campaign to maintain high market penetration. By maintaining two or more niches, the company lowers the risk of closing shop just in case one of the niches collapses or is faced with competition and there’s a reduction in profitability levels.   By developing more than two niches the chances of success are increased tremendously as well. (Baker, M. 2000) 4) Focus on a particular region To achieve successful specialization, it is important for the company to address those geographic markets that other competitors ignore. By focusing on a particular region, it is easier for the organization to design a distribution channel that will not only be effective in terms of logistics but will ensure timeliness in the distribution of goods or services. By focusing on a particular area, it enables the company to create or design an effective marketing strategy to promote and create awareness of its goods and services. The company also stands a better chance of interacting with the customers more deeply and freely to which case it would be easier to predict the buying trends and the customer preferences. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Gamma Plc Gamma PLC produces very high quality motors for garden mowers and this fact gives it an edge over its competitors in this particular niche. However the company can not sit back and sit on its laurels, It is imperative for company to work extra hard to ensure it commands these niche especially with the competition of such established organizations like Yamaha and Honda.   To guard itself from this onslaught there are certain challenges that the company will face which might force it out. Competition As it is, already the company is facing competition from such world acclaimed names like Yamaha and Honda. For such names to be attracted to such a market, then it follows that the market is very lucrative. Gamma PLC is not quite renown, apart maybe for this particular market segment, unlike the competitors who are well established and with renowned brands. The big players if they would decide to flex their muscle, this might drive out Gamma from this niche. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) They can do this in various ways including powerfully utilizing the 4ps (Price, promotion, product and place) of marketing. The kind of marketing or promotion blitz they would likely conduct, would obviously be superior compared to Gamma’s with a lesser budget. Besides, these companies’ would likely introduce price wars that would have adverse effect on Gamma Plc, whose budget would likely be comparatively small. The latter’s prices cannot compete with those ones of the more established firms. This kind of competition would prove to be a nightmare for Gamma whose niche is under threat. After all, the bigger companies’ bottom line would not be affected in any way because their presence is worldwide and are more experienced and advanced especially with the marketing capabilities. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) The competitors may also decide to adopt or even copy how Gamma Plc is producing its high quality motors, thereby claiming some of the market share. Competition may also come in terms of remuneration and staff training where the other organizations may be attractive to employees in Gamma. The niche strategy may be limiting By adopting and relying on this particular niche the company would be faced with another challenge of future growth. Because it might expend all its energies trying to defend this niche from Yamaha and Honda it might lack the resources to venture in other markets thereby limiting its own growth. This is always foreseen especially if the market is relatively small. As time goes by Gamma’s market share might shrink which might eventually affect its continued production of highly quality motors. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Is the market defensible? This should be the question that should be ringing in the minds of Gamma Plc’s management. It would not be worthwhile to cling to one niche especially if it is not defensible. Most small companies like Gamma will find it challenging to judge this especially bearing in mind that this is the market that supports the organization. The company may lack the resources to get out if the competition becomes unbearable and establish another niche elsewhere. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). The market would be defensible if the customers within the niche have shown the willingness to support the company regardless of who comes to compete, which is to mean they are strictly loyal to Gamma. It would also mean that the market would be big enough to warrant any fight over it. However if the market is small and shrinking there’s not need to waste the resources to defend it. Substitute Products Gamma Plc manufactures quality products and as stated before this might be the edge it might be having over the competition. However, it is worth noting that quality in most cases comes at a higher price. Thus consumers would likely to be charged more compared to similar products from other companies. Yamaha and Honda may take advantage of this by providing cheaper alternatives that the customers can select from. This means that not all consumers use quality as the driving purchasing factor. Most consumers will go for cheaper products provided the offer similar functions. This would force Gamma either to lower quality so that the product becomes cheaper or seek for more efficient ways of production. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). Gamma Plc most probably specializes in the production of motors for garden mowers, which in essence means that they lack any other product line, unlike Yamaha and Honda who have a very wide product range, that ranges from generators to motorbikes. The range could be a very crucial marketing entry point for consumers who might not necessarily want motors for garden mowers yet they possess them. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). REFERENCES Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edition, Macmillan Business. Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1997) Marketing An Introduction. Fourth Edition. New  Ã‚   Jersey. Prentince Hall International Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. (1991) Making Niche Marketing Work, New York:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGraw Hill Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J. (1996) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, USA:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irwin             How to cite What determines a successful niche strategy, Essay examples

Annual Report of the Two Companies

Question: Discuss about the Annual Report of the Two Companies. Answer: Introduction: The two listed companies taken for the analysis is BHP billion Ltd and Bougainville Copper Limited. The BHP billion Ltd is a multinational petroleum, mining and metals company with its headquarter located in Melbourne, Australia having total assets worth 124.6 billion (Asx.com.au 2016). Bougainville Copper Limited is an Australian gold, copper, silver mining company and its headquartered is in Papua New Guinea. The annual reporting of both the companies has been analyzed with respect to the standard of AASB. Whether the reporting system of the companies complies with the requirement of AASB standards. As per the standards, the reporting of the financials of the companies are prepared according to the framework for the general purpose, which is designed in a way to meet the needs of the users of the common financial information. The framework is a compliance framework or it is said that it is a fair framework. Here, the analysis would be in reference to the reporting requirement of th ose concerned with the governance of corporations and of the accountants. The person who has the obligations related to the accountability and the strategic direction of the entity is the one charged with governance of corporations (Careyetal 2014). Discussion: AASB conceptual framework and requirements and whether the chosen entity complies with it. The requirements of the AASB standard for the reporting entity with reference to the conceptual framework and governance of corporations is discussed below. The financial statements of the reporting entity have to be prepared from the entitys perspective as whole rather than the perspective of the investors, creditors or the lenders. The entity preparing the unconsolidated financial statements needs to disclose how it can obtain the consolidated statements. The entity when selecting the measurement basis, factors considered while selecting should be provided. The information disclosed in an effective and efficient way in the financial statement make it more relevant. It is a contribution to the representations of the assets, liabilities, expenses and income in a faithful way (Bond et al. 2016). The statements of the financial information are a primary source of information regarding the financial performance of the entity. For example, the expenses and income in the statement of profit and loss, depicts the entitys financial performance. However, such items could be reported outside profit and loss statement and included in other comprehensive income. When expense and income relates to the liabilities or assets measured at current values. If the concerned entitys purchasing power of the capital invested or the maintenance of such capital, then financial capita concept is to be adopted by the entity. If the entity is concerned with its operating capability, then the physical concept of capital is to be used. The financial statements of the reporting entity should provide depict the nature of unrecognized items or the recognized items that is consistent with the definition and the risk associated with the element. The information about the risks associated with the assets and liabilities of the reporting entity would help in assessing the stewardship of the management towards the resources of entity and also the ability of the entity to generate cash flows (Chandetal 2015). Analysis of the annual report of BHP Billion Ltd The approach of the company to the critical global challenges is based on their charter values. The organization is compliant with all the rules and regulations, which is vital to their operations. It also ensures that the risks arising from non-compliance is minimized. The purpose of the financial report for the current year that is 2015, has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Australian Corporations, Act 2001 and UK companies Act, 2006. The reporting framework also complies with the Australian Accounting Standards, which is being equivalent to IFRS that is International Financial Reporting standards. The interpretations of the report is as per it is issued by the AASB for the year 2015. The accounting standard adopted by the company for the first time which include the amendment to AASB/132 of the financial instruments and this clarify the criteria of offsetting the financial liabilities and assets. IFRIC level 21 is that the liability of paying a levy is reco gnized when such activities gets triggered for which the payments is occurring. Such adoptions of amendments did not have any material impact and therefore it does not have made any restatement to the prior year financial statement (Zhuang 2016). The company also complies with the AASB 15 Revenue from contracts with the customers, under which the time of recognizing the revenue and the amount to be recognized have been modified relating to its determination. It is based on the principle that the entity recognizes the revenue so that the transfer of services and goods to the promised customer has been depicted. The company also complies with the new accounting standards of AASB 9 Financial instruments under which the measurement and classification of financial assets has been modified. It is based on the approach of principle based for the asset classification and the model of business and the characteristics of cash flow in which the asset is held drive it. The financial statements have been drawn based on the principles of the historical costs. However, some other financial assets and then financial instruments relating to derivatives are carried at a fair value. The noncurrent assets classified as held for distribution or s ale are measured at the fair value minus costs or the carrying value whichever is lower. The financial statements have been incompliance with the AASB 5 for the Non-current asset held for sale and discontinued operations. This is depicted in the statements, which is restated for the same effect since the financial year 2013. The entity accounts of BHP Billion plc are prepared according to the standards of UK companies Act, 2006 (Aasb.gov.au 2016). Figure 1: showing the Directors declaration (Source: created by author) Figure 2: showing the Market disclosure (Source: created by author) Figure 3: showing the Remuneration report Source: (created by author) The base salary is reviewed annually but the salary of CEO would remain would not be revised. The scorecard weighting has been increased because of the importance of the remuneration committee placed on safety. The percentage of the attributable profit remained unchanged. Analysis of annual report of Bougainville Copper Ltd: The company prepares it financial statements according to the standards of PNG companies Act, 1997 and with the International financial standard reporting. The statements have been prepared under the convention of historical cost as per the revaluation of financial assets available for sale. When the financial statements are prepared in conformity with the standards of international financial standard reporting then it requires the estimates of certain critical accounting. In the process applying the accounting policies, the company needs to exercise its judgments. The assets of mines were originally stated at directors valuation or costs and subsequently depreciated at the rate considered appropriate by the company (Bhpbilliton.com 2016). The company has not adopted the new standards of IFRS 9 / AASB 9on the financial instrument on the classification and measurement of liabilities, financial assets, recognition of impairment losses and hedge accounting. The company has not adapted to the new standards because the interpretations are not mandatory for the company has not early adopted the reporting period of the year 2015 and therefore it. The entity is of the view after conducting investigations that the amended standards would not have any material impact on the future or the current reporting periods and on the foreseeable transactions (Dakis 2016). From the above analysis of the selected two companies, BHP Billion Ltd and Bougainville Copper Ltd prepare their financial statement, which complies with the AASB standards. However, there are some new standards set by the AASB, which is not incorporated by these companies in the preparation of the financial statements. BHP billion Ltd has adopted the standards set by AASB under section 132 and IFRIC 21 but there are no material impacts on the BHP Billion group. However, it is investigated by the company that other standards would have impact in the financial year commencing in 2016, so it would adopt its accounting requirements with standards set by AASB. On the other hand, Bougainville Copper Ltd does not consider the adoption of the new standards mandatory, as it would not have any material impact on the future or current reporting period of the entity (Bcl.com.pg 2016). Figure 4: showing the Directors report Source: (created by author) Figure 5: showing the Auditors report (Source: created by author) Figure 6: showing the Remuneration report (Source: created by author) Addressing the disparity in corporate reporting through the inclusion of prudence in the conceptual framework Prudence is vital in achieving neutrality and it acts as caution under the event of uncertainty. When company exercise prudence, it means that the liabilities and expenses are not understated, also the income and assets are not overstated. Prudence helps in addressing the disparity in the corporate reporting of the entity in a number of ways. Prudence helps to address the concern of the investors downside risks and the entity exercising prudence would be able to align the interest of managers and shareholders thus reducing moral hazard. The revision of the term prudence would help in addressing the reporting disparity as need was felt to counteract a possible bias towards optimism by management, which is possible by exercising prudence. This would ensure that not all the gains are recognized and the losses are recognized without sufficient justification. Including prudence in recognizing the assets and liabilities is more transparent that the prudence that is potentially unquantified in measurement. When the items are measured at historical costs then in order to recognize the profit and the value of asset, a proper degree of prudence needs to be imparted. However, the extra element of prudence should not be injected in the valuation because it will lead to the unquantified element of bias (Mazhambe 2014). Comparing the annual reports of BHP Billion Ltd and Bougainville Copper Ltd: BHP Billion Ltd prepares the financial statements according to standards of the Australian Corporations, Act 2001 and UK companies Act, 2006. While Bougainville Copper Ltd complies with the accounting standard of the PNG companies Act, 1997 and with the International financial standard reporting. The reporting of both the companies complies with the Australian Accounting Standard Board, but the new standards have not been incorporated into the reporting of both the companies for the current year of financial reporting. The financial statements are drawn on the historical cost basis for both the companies. However, BHP Billion Ltd complies with the new standards but there was no material impact on the operations of the BHP group but it may have impact on the commencing year. On the other hand, Bougainville Copper Ltd found the new standards are not mandatory (Mandatory 2014). Recommendations: The reporting entity should comply with the Australian Accounting standards in order to reflect the fair presentation of its financial performance. The company should comply with the requirement of Australian accounting in a way that it does not conflict with the objectives of the framework. Unless the Australian accounting standards requires it, the reporting entity should not offset the liabilities, income, assets or expense. The entity complying its financial statements with the accounting standards is ought to represent its financial positions, cash flow fairly and this is because it would provide useful information to the stakeholders of the company in evaluating and making decisions about the allocation of the resources that are scarce to the company. Conclusion: After going through the above analysis of the two ASX listed companies, it may be concluded that the companies are preparing the financial statements according to the standards of the AASB. However, there are some new standards, which the companies are not adhering to and this is because the standards set does not have any material impact on the companies. The standards are not included in both the companys current reporting of financials. However, in the commencing reporting period, BHP Billion would incorporate the new standards unlike Bougainville which considers the new standards not mandatory. Reference: Aasb.gov.au.(2016).Accounting standards. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Current-standards.aspx [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Asx.com.au. (2016).Home - Australian Securities Exchange - ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016].Bcl.com.pg. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.bcl.com.pg/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/160329-2015-annual-report-and-appendix-4g.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bcl.com.pg. (2016).Papua New Guinea Mining | Bougainville Copper Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.bcl.com.pg/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bhpbilliton.com. (2016).BHP Billiton | Key Documents. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/annualreporting2015/key-documents [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bhpbilliton.com. (2016).BHP Billiton | Reports Presentations. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/reports [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance. Carey, P., Potter, B. and Tanewski, G., 2014. AASB Research Report No. Chand, P., Patel, A. and White, M., 2015. Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sized Enterprises.Australian Accounting Review,25(2), pp.139-154. Cheung, E.W.Y., 2014. Readability of financial reports and IFRS adoption in Australia. Dakis, G.S., 2016. Upcoming changes to contributions and leasing standards.Governance Directions,68(2), p.99. Grber, S., 2014.Intangible Values in Financial Accounting and Reporting: An Analysis from the Perspective of Financial Analysts. Springer. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mazhambe, Z., 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework: Discussion Paper (DP/2013/1).Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,10(8). Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive process free essay sample

One theory of how emotion affects the cognitive process of memory is by a process known as a Flashbulb Memory. The theory is that these Flashbulb Memories will not only enhance the memory itself, but will make certain aspects of the memory more vivid and detailed. First, the Flashbulb Memory should be defined. Flashbulb memories are emotional memories that are remembered with great vivid detail and are almost photo like. For example, if someone were to experience a horrid natural disaster, they would most likely remember the situation more vividly than people not actually there. This instance is exactly what Brown and Kulik were trying to show in 1977, and what Conway was trying to express in 1994. They were dealing with the concept of emotion and how it affected one’s memory. However, emotion is not an easy thing to gage, as it is subjective to the individual and often times impulsive. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first occurrence of the flashbulb memory was demonstrated by Brown and Kulik in their study of 1977. Brown and Kulik wanted to investigate flashbulb memories so that they could simply aid to their argument. The researchers interviewed 80 Americans, 40 African Americans, and 40 Caucasian Americans over ten specific events. Nine of these events consisted of assassinations on well-known Americans and one was a personal event. In these questions participants were asked if they had any significant remembrance of these events, both overtly and covertly. In the results, the researchers observed that 90% of all participants recalled the J. F. K. assassination in context and with great detail. Often times people had self-selected events that corresponded to his assassination, such as a death of a loved one.  Results also showed 73 % of African Americans recalled more information regarding the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.  than Caucasian Americans did. This study supported the Brown and Kulik’s theory of flashbulb memories, and seemed to last longer and more efficiently than other memories. However, the study was not controlled, one can really not know if the individuals were telling the truth or making up certain details. Most of the data collected was reliant on the person’s perspective than what really could have happened. Also, it is vital to remember that important events, such as both assassinations, received a great deal of media coverage. This could have aided in the recalling of these events, not making these experiences flashbulb memories. A study that tried to take the uncontrolled variable in proving the validity of flashbulb memories was Conway et al 1994. Conway wanted to support Brown and Kulik’s theory for flashbulb memory. In Conway’s study the participants were either UK or non-UK undergraduates and the idea of the study was based on the resignation of Margaret Thatcher, who was the Prime Minister of Britain in 1990. Participants were interviewed about the event a few days after the event actually happened. Then they were asked the same questions 11 months after the event. In the results they found that 86% of UK participants still had the flashbulb memory of the first account of Margaret Thatcher and were accurate to their primary response. Therefore, Conway made the accusation that this finding supports the flashbulb memory theory for this British event because it was of significance to British culture. British individuals obviously had emotional ties to this event. Since this study was an actual event and created an accountability between researchers, the study suggests that flashbulb memories may in fact be different from other memories. However, questions still remain towards the researchers of the theory. There weren’t exactly limitations in this 11 month period of news that could have been watched or read. This could leave a little area for discrepancy involving the media, since this was a very popular event. Neisser and Harsch in 1992 decided to investigate the validity of the flashbulb memory theory. In this experiment participants were asked to report on the memories of the challenger space disaster in 1986. Like the experiment done by Conway et al, Neisser and Harsch investigated people’s memory accuracy of the incident 24 hours after the explosion and then again two years after. The results were: one day after the disaster, 215 of the participants said that they heard about the disaster on television. Two and a half years later 45% of the participants claimed to have heard of the event on the television. Their memories of how they learned the news about the challenger disaster changed over time and was a huge loophole in the studies in favor of flashbulb memory. Through this study it can be concluded that flashbulb memories are not reliable and may in fact just be ordinary memories. From Brown and Kulik to Neisser and Harsch we arrive at completely different conclusions. There are many strengths to these studies, as they were all with real events that would have affected people emotionally, but some of the studies were lacking in validity. The studies that recorded before and after seemed to be more compelling than the ones that just assumed a certain answer. However, the longer the duration of time between the before and after results most likely produced more variables being tested, rather than just one. Based on the studies outlined it only seems accurate that these flashbulb memories actually exist and affect our memory. The real analysis of these findings are how they actually influence behavior. Emotion can affect memory, and ultimately behavior in someone’s life. As crucial events happen, with the support of Brown and Kulik and Conway’s studies, memory can be seen to change in the eye of the beholder and can form unforgiving grudges or skeptical visions. Human behavior is so touchy, especially with the idea of false memories. Even if flashbulb memories are shown to be accurate to previous encounters those memories will still have been formed by some sort of trauma. This ultimately affects behavior, and is often times where stereotypes, and close-minded ideas are formed. So, flashbulb memories can create caution or aggression, hate or love, peace or chaos. The key is not letting these emotions dictate one’s behavior.

Professional Sports Essays - Roberto Alomar, John Hirschbeck

Professional Sports Essays - Roberto Alomar, John Hirschbeck Professional Sports Due to the greediness of sports figures, professional athletes are not punished in the same manner as other professionals are. It is like they are in a completely different group that uses an entirely different set of morals. Team owners care more about making their money than they do about setting a good example for young kids and making pro sports fun again rather than a business. Three good examples of this greediness are Roberto Alomar, Warren Sapp, and Dennis Rodman. Team owners and their respective leagues need to do something to turn this situation around before they have murderers and rapists playing sports for millions of dollars a year. Roberto Alomar makes 5.5 million dollars a year due to his five Gold Gloves. He is one of majors best all-around players and destined for the Hall of Fame. In a 1996 divisional playoff game, Alomar was up to bat. Umpire John Hirschbeck called Alomar out on strikes. Alomar went back to the dugout where he started to argue the call with Hirschbeck. The umpire finally tossed Alomar. Orioles manager Davey Johnson along with Alomar went racing to home plate to argue the ejection. As Alomar was being pushed away by Johnson, he spit at Hirschbeck. Alomar was suspended for five games which was to be served at the beginning of the 1997 season, so he could continue to play in the playoffs. In my opinion, this act was indefensible and warranted a stiffer penalty than a five-game suspension. Major league umpires threatened to strike during the playoffs due to Alomars behavior and inadequate punishment. I believe that the league did not suspend Alomar during the playoffs because he is such a high profile player that he brings in enough money for the league that officials felt they could justify their actions. Warren Sapp was one of the best defensive players in the 1995 NFL Draft. Sapp had tested positive for drugs, mainly marijuana, seven times while playing college football at Miami, including once for cocaine (Wolff 49). In the beginning Sapp called the reports, a total fabrication, but later changed his story and said he did flunk one drug test at Miami (Wolff 49). Even after this admission of guilt, the NFL, still wanting to allow him to play so he could make them money, tried to brighten his image by saying that Sapp did not test positive for cocaine, oddly omitting any mention of marijuana (Price 48). In any other workplace, someone who had tested positive for drugs that many times would not be hired. Dennis Rodman, the National Basketball Associations bad boy, is notorious for getting in trouble. In a January 15, 1997, game, Rodman lost his balance after going for a rebound. He fell into a row of photographers where he kicked Eugene Amos in the groin. Amos, who doubled over in pain, was removed on a stretcher and taken to a Minneapolis hospital. Rodman only received an eleven-game suspension, was fined $25,000 by the league, and ordered to get counseling (Rodmans 22). Compared with 6.3 million he is paid a year for playing basketball that fine is just a drop in the bucket (Micheals 12). That fine is less than one percent of his annual salary. Someone who makes $30,000 a year would be fined more for littering. Attorney Fred Wiesman compared Rodmans behavior to that of Major League Baseball player, Albert Belle, when he said, Its the same bullying, arrogant, obnoxious behavior. This is not the way reasonable people should conduct themselves (Rodmans 22). All of the situations mentioned prove one point. Professional sports are corrupted and need to have a serious facelift when it comes to punishment. Roberto Alomar should have at least been suspended immediately rather than the owners allowing him to continue playing, lessening the severity of his actions. Warren Sapp would make a better role model for children if he made anti-drug posters, instead the NFL feels it is fine to allow a known and admitted drug-user to play football and make it seem to children that even if you do use drugs you can still make millions of dollars a year. Not in the real world. Lastly Dennis Rodman

A Role Of Law In Business World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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