Childhood During Early American Literature - 1447 Words

Brent Beebe Dr. Cari Keebaugh Lit-210-OL1 10/06/2017 Childhood in early American literature: In the early part of American history literature played a significant role in defining on how America would be shaped and molded. For the Puritans, coming to America provided the opportunity to express their opinions and beliefs. This opportunity was what they had been striving for and finally had the chance to implement. The Puritans took full advantage of this opportunity and utilized literature to provide values and rules to be followed. The literature written heavily influenced how people lived and made decisions as they went about their daily lives. Most importantly, the Puritans recognized that if they wanted to sustain what they had created†¦show more content†¦Children were constantly reminded of the impending doom that would overtake them if they did not listen to the rules or follow the Puritan beliefs. Literature was an instrumental tool used in teaching those beliefs and values to children. The texts children read provided a pathway and an understanding of what w as expected of them to their roles amongst society. The first texts written for Children and about Childhood were rigid and were more focused on religion. For example, In the New England Primer â€Å"Verses for Little Children† the value of loyalty is taught. More specifically is that absolute loyalty to God is required. â€Å"He gives me life, he gives me breath, And he can save my soul from death. By Jesus Christ, my only Lord, Aecordingr to his holy word† (New England Primer). The lesson being taught is that God controls your destiny and that one must remain faithful if one wants to remain in good standing with God. This lesson is further reinforced by the following passage â€Å"Though I am young, yet I may die, And hasten to eternity. There is dreadful fiery hell, Where wicked ones must dwell. There is a heaven, full of joy, Where godly ones will always stay (New England primer). Another value that was taught was the importance of productivity and hard work. As mentioned before children needed to be productive othe rwise the likelihood of a family not succumbing to failure was very low. In the New England Primer â€Å"Verses forShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Innovators of American Literature1066 Words   |  5 PagesThe Innovators of American Literature From their critical assessments on how to improve themselves and to the American public that they influenced by their writings, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin illustrate American themes in their personal narratives that quintessentially make part of American Literature. Although they lived in different times during the early development of the United States of America and wrote for different purposes, they share common themes. 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A New Battle Of The Civil War - 1396 Words

A New War To Fight The Civil War was one of the most trying moments in American history. Two opinions trying to outweigh each other caused citizens to choose to be united under two different flags instead of one. Both sides, the Union and the Confederacy, have their own interpretation of how the war happened. For example, a citizen (although their identity is unknown) noted that â€Å"The civil war was a whole new type of warfare. Unfortunately, the only way one could learn how to fight in this new type of war was to actually fight in this new type of war.† Overall, this quote is correct and is easy to agree with because not all wars are the same. The changes and lessons learned can range from land space to fighting tactics to technology, like†¦show more content†¦The use of the smooth-bore musket and the rifled musket changed how the war was physically fought. A smooth-bore musket is a type of gun that is smooth on the inside. The bullet is pushed through the smooth barrel and can be l aunched about eighty yards. A rifled musket has a groove and is spiraled in the inside. The actually bullet is closer to the trigger and can shoot four hundred yards. These two different guns bring their own importance to the war because of the new, easy way killing someone became. The rifled musket seemed more effective in the long run, but the smooth-bore musket was just as useful. 620,000 Americans died (although a majority of the death was caused by disease) during this tragic war. The lesson that can be learned from this is that the advancement in technology. can change the death toll in a war and ultimately change the outcome in who wins. The Civil War is one of the wars with the highest death toll of Americans in history. Although the advancement in technology is a clear lesson to learn the first time around, the same lesson is still being taught in wars like the First World War and its inventions like tanks, machine guns, poison gas and much more. Not only did technology have a huge impact on how the war was fought, the physical fighting and tactics also played a role. The battle of Fort Sumter was the attack and abdication of Fort Sumter (near Charleston, South Carolina) and the start of the Civil War.

What determines a successful niche strategy Free Essays

Niche marketing is a very important marketing tool that is defined as â€Å"focusing on sub-segments or niches with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy or sometimes-called focus strategy is a marketing segmentation strategy that concentrates or focuses on a few target markets. Users of this strategy hope that by focusing on a few (one or two) markets segments that are narrow, they would be in a better position to meet the needs of that market. Therefore the company strives to tailor make its marketing mix to suit these specialized markets that it has identified. We will write a custom essay sample on What determines a successful niche strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now By using the niche strategy the company easily stands to gain or have a competitive advantage by being effective rather than efficient. (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) Niche strategy in most cases is suitable for small firms although it is open to any company which would want to utilize it in selecting targets with lesser substitute vulnerability or where there is weak competition. (Kotler Armstrong, 1997) There are several factors that greatly enhance a successful niche strategy and include: – 1) Market –research Before developing any niche market it is very important to conduct a comprehensive market research of the desired market before embarking on any marketing program. Towards this end, a SWOT analysis that highlights the strength and weaknesses of the company vis-à  -vis the market it desires to segment is very necessary. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) The market research will enable the company determine the market characteristics that will enable it serve this particular segment in a better way. Such characteristics would include, customer preferences, desirable price ranges level of competition, product differentiation, distribution channels, the marketing mix and various other important marketing variables.   (Chisnall, P.M.1997) When these characteristics have been established and defined the company on its part designs a marketing model that should suit the target market and be a profitable venture for the company. The market research in itself will enable the company not only identify a market but will give it more information on the demographic history of the market as well. (Chisnall, P.M.1997) 2) Create customer loyalty. One major threat to establishing and growing any niche is competition. Competition may eat up a share of the company’s market, reducing the profitability or worse still drive out the company from the market. Towards this end it is very important for the company to make it its priority to listen to the customers. When the company makes it its goal to carefully listen to the customers, it will have the ability to create products or services that will not only meet customer expectations but will meet their needs as well. Listening to the customer will enable the company differentiate its product range to suit the needs of the niche. This will in turn create loyalty that will enable the company weather any form of competition, in fact when customers are loyal it will be very difficult for them to seek other alternatives or switch to the competitors. (Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J., 1996) 3) Develop two or more niches By developing two or more niches it will prove quite advantageous to the company in several ways. The experiences and lessons gained in other niches will give the company the ability to tackle the challenges that would likely to occur in a different niche. (Baker, M. 2000) Two or more niches on the other hand may work towards supporting each other especially in the advent of any form of competition; for example when one niche is faced with competition other niches can be of great support especially if price competition would be necessary. Two or more niches supporting each other gives the company a leverage that would enable it sustain any form of marketing campaign to maintain high market penetration. By maintaining two or more niches, the company lowers the risk of closing shop just in case one of the niches collapses or is faced with competition and there’s a reduction in profitability levels.   By developing more than two niches the chances of success are increased tremendously as well. (Baker, M. 2000) 4) Focus on a particular region To achieve successful specialization, it is important for the company to address those geographic markets that other competitors ignore. By focusing on a particular region, it is easier for the organization to design a distribution channel that will not only be effective in terms of logistics but will ensure timeliness in the distribution of goods or services. By focusing on a particular area, it enables the company to create or design an effective marketing strategy to promote and create awareness of its goods and services. The company also stands a better chance of interacting with the customers more deeply and freely to which case it would be easier to predict the buying trends and the customer preferences. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Gamma Plc Gamma PLC produces very high quality motors for garden mowers and this fact gives it an edge over its competitors in this particular niche. However the company can not sit back and sit on its laurels, It is imperative for company to work extra hard to ensure it commands these niche especially with the competition of such established organizations like Yamaha and Honda.   To guard itself from this onslaught there are certain challenges that the company will face which might force it out. Competition As it is, already the company is facing competition from such world acclaimed names like Yamaha and Honda. For such names to be attracted to such a market, then it follows that the market is very lucrative. Gamma PLC is not quite renown, apart maybe for this particular market segment, unlike the competitors who are well established and with renowned brands. The big players if they would decide to flex their muscle, this might drive out Gamma from this niche. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) They can do this in various ways including powerfully utilizing the 4ps (Price, promotion, product and place) of marketing. The kind of marketing or promotion blitz they would likely conduct, would obviously be superior compared to Gamma’s with a lesser budget. Besides, these companies’ would likely introduce price wars that would have adverse effect on Gamma Plc, whose budget would likely be comparatively small. The latter’s prices cannot compete with those ones of the more established firms. This kind of competition would prove to be a nightmare for Gamma whose niche is under threat. After all, the bigger companies’ bottom line would not be affected in any way because their presence is worldwide and are more experienced and advanced especially with the marketing capabilities. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) The competitors may also decide to adopt or even copy how Gamma Plc is producing its high quality motors, thereby claiming some of the market share. Competition may also come in terms of remuneration and staff training where the other organizations may be attractive to employees in Gamma. The niche strategy may be limiting By adopting and relying on this particular niche the company would be faced with another challenge of future growth. Because it might expend all its energies trying to defend this niche from Yamaha and Honda it might lack the resources to venture in other markets thereby limiting its own growth. This is always foreseen especially if the market is relatively small. As time goes by Gamma’s market share might shrink which might eventually affect its continued production of highly quality motors. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991) Is the market defensible? This should be the question that should be ringing in the minds of Gamma Plc’s management. It would not be worthwhile to cling to one niche especially if it is not defensible. Most small companies like Gamma will find it challenging to judge this especially bearing in mind that this is the market that supports the organization. The company may lack the resources to get out if the competition becomes unbearable and establish another niche elsewhere. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). The market would be defensible if the customers within the niche have shown the willingness to support the company regardless of who comes to compete, which is to mean they are strictly loyal to Gamma. It would also mean that the market would be big enough to warrant any fight over it. However if the market is small and shrinking there’s not need to waste the resources to defend it. Substitute Products Gamma Plc manufactures quality products and as stated before this might be the edge it might be having over the competition. However, it is worth noting that quality in most cases comes at a higher price. Thus consumers would likely to be charged more compared to similar products from other companies. Yamaha and Honda may take advantage of this by providing cheaper alternatives that the customers can select from. This means that not all consumers use quality as the driving purchasing factor. Most consumers will go for cheaper products provided the offer similar functions. This would force Gamma either to lower quality so that the product becomes cheaper or seek for more efficient ways of production. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). Gamma Plc most probably specializes in the production of motors for garden mowers, which in essence means that they lack any other product line, unlike Yamaha and Honda who have a very wide product range, that ranges from generators to motorbikes. The range could be a very crucial marketing entry point for consumers who might not necessarily want motors for garden mowers yet they possess them. (Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. 1991). REFERENCES Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edition, Macmillan Business. Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (1997) Marketing An Introduction. Fourth Edition. New  Ã‚   Jersey. Prentince Hall International Linneman, R.E. and Stanton, J.L. (1991) Making Niche Marketing Work, New York:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGraw Hill Peter, J.P. and Olson, J.J. (1996) Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, USA:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irwin             How to cite What determines a successful niche strategy, Essay examples

Annual Report of the Two Companies

Question: Discuss about the Annual Report of the Two Companies. Answer: Introduction: The two listed companies taken for the analysis is BHP billion Ltd and Bougainville Copper Limited. The BHP billion Ltd is a multinational petroleum, mining and metals company with its headquarter located in Melbourne, Australia having total assets worth 124.6 billion (Asx.com.au 2016). Bougainville Copper Limited is an Australian gold, copper, silver mining company and its headquartered is in Papua New Guinea. The annual reporting of both the companies has been analyzed with respect to the standard of AASB. Whether the reporting system of the companies complies with the requirement of AASB standards. As per the standards, the reporting of the financials of the companies are prepared according to the framework for the general purpose, which is designed in a way to meet the needs of the users of the common financial information. The framework is a compliance framework or it is said that it is a fair framework. Here, the analysis would be in reference to the reporting requirement of th ose concerned with the governance of corporations and of the accountants. The person who has the obligations related to the accountability and the strategic direction of the entity is the one charged with governance of corporations (Careyetal 2014). Discussion: AASB conceptual framework and requirements and whether the chosen entity complies with it. The requirements of the AASB standard for the reporting entity with reference to the conceptual framework and governance of corporations is discussed below. The financial statements of the reporting entity have to be prepared from the entitys perspective as whole rather than the perspective of the investors, creditors or the lenders. The entity preparing the unconsolidated financial statements needs to disclose how it can obtain the consolidated statements. The entity when selecting the measurement basis, factors considered while selecting should be provided. The information disclosed in an effective and efficient way in the financial statement make it more relevant. It is a contribution to the representations of the assets, liabilities, expenses and income in a faithful way (Bond et al. 2016). The statements of the financial information are a primary source of information regarding the financial performance of the entity. For example, the expenses and income in the statement of profit and loss, depicts the entitys financial performance. However, such items could be reported outside profit and loss statement and included in other comprehensive income. When expense and income relates to the liabilities or assets measured at current values. If the concerned entitys purchasing power of the capital invested or the maintenance of such capital, then financial capita concept is to be adopted by the entity. If the entity is concerned with its operating capability, then the physical concept of capital is to be used. The financial statements of the reporting entity should provide depict the nature of unrecognized items or the recognized items that is consistent with the definition and the risk associated with the element. The information about the risks associated with the assets and liabilities of the reporting entity would help in assessing the stewardship of the management towards the resources of entity and also the ability of the entity to generate cash flows (Chandetal 2015). Analysis of the annual report of BHP Billion Ltd The approach of the company to the critical global challenges is based on their charter values. The organization is compliant with all the rules and regulations, which is vital to their operations. It also ensures that the risks arising from non-compliance is minimized. The purpose of the financial report for the current year that is 2015, has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Australian Corporations, Act 2001 and UK companies Act, 2006. The reporting framework also complies with the Australian Accounting Standards, which is being equivalent to IFRS that is International Financial Reporting standards. The interpretations of the report is as per it is issued by the AASB for the year 2015. The accounting standard adopted by the company for the first time which include the amendment to AASB/132 of the financial instruments and this clarify the criteria of offsetting the financial liabilities and assets. IFRIC level 21 is that the liability of paying a levy is reco gnized when such activities gets triggered for which the payments is occurring. Such adoptions of amendments did not have any material impact and therefore it does not have made any restatement to the prior year financial statement (Zhuang 2016). The company also complies with the AASB 15 Revenue from contracts with the customers, under which the time of recognizing the revenue and the amount to be recognized have been modified relating to its determination. It is based on the principle that the entity recognizes the revenue so that the transfer of services and goods to the promised customer has been depicted. The company also complies with the new accounting standards of AASB 9 Financial instruments under which the measurement and classification of financial assets has been modified. It is based on the approach of principle based for the asset classification and the model of business and the characteristics of cash flow in which the asset is held drive it. The financial statements have been drawn based on the principles of the historical costs. However, some other financial assets and then financial instruments relating to derivatives are carried at a fair value. The noncurrent assets classified as held for distribution or s ale are measured at the fair value minus costs or the carrying value whichever is lower. The financial statements have been incompliance with the AASB 5 for the Non-current asset held for sale and discontinued operations. This is depicted in the statements, which is restated for the same effect since the financial year 2013. The entity accounts of BHP Billion plc are prepared according to the standards of UK companies Act, 2006 (Aasb.gov.au 2016). Figure 1: showing the Directors declaration (Source: created by author) Figure 2: showing the Market disclosure (Source: created by author) Figure 3: showing the Remuneration report Source: (created by author) The base salary is reviewed annually but the salary of CEO would remain would not be revised. The scorecard weighting has been increased because of the importance of the remuneration committee placed on safety. The percentage of the attributable profit remained unchanged. Analysis of annual report of Bougainville Copper Ltd: The company prepares it financial statements according to the standards of PNG companies Act, 1997 and with the International financial standard reporting. The statements have been prepared under the convention of historical cost as per the revaluation of financial assets available for sale. When the financial statements are prepared in conformity with the standards of international financial standard reporting then it requires the estimates of certain critical accounting. In the process applying the accounting policies, the company needs to exercise its judgments. The assets of mines were originally stated at directors valuation or costs and subsequently depreciated at the rate considered appropriate by the company (Bhpbilliton.com 2016). The company has not adopted the new standards of IFRS 9 / AASB 9on the financial instrument on the classification and measurement of liabilities, financial assets, recognition of impairment losses and hedge accounting. The company has not adapted to the new standards because the interpretations are not mandatory for the company has not early adopted the reporting period of the year 2015 and therefore it. The entity is of the view after conducting investigations that the amended standards would not have any material impact on the future or the current reporting periods and on the foreseeable transactions (Dakis 2016). From the above analysis of the selected two companies, BHP Billion Ltd and Bougainville Copper Ltd prepare their financial statement, which complies with the AASB standards. However, there are some new standards set by the AASB, which is not incorporated by these companies in the preparation of the financial statements. BHP billion Ltd has adopted the standards set by AASB under section 132 and IFRIC 21 but there are no material impacts on the BHP Billion group. However, it is investigated by the company that other standards would have impact in the financial year commencing in 2016, so it would adopt its accounting requirements with standards set by AASB. On the other hand, Bougainville Copper Ltd does not consider the adoption of the new standards mandatory, as it would not have any material impact on the future or current reporting period of the entity (Bcl.com.pg 2016). Figure 4: showing the Directors report Source: (created by author) Figure 5: showing the Auditors report (Source: created by author) Figure 6: showing the Remuneration report (Source: created by author) Addressing the disparity in corporate reporting through the inclusion of prudence in the conceptual framework Prudence is vital in achieving neutrality and it acts as caution under the event of uncertainty. When company exercise prudence, it means that the liabilities and expenses are not understated, also the income and assets are not overstated. Prudence helps in addressing the disparity in the corporate reporting of the entity in a number of ways. Prudence helps to address the concern of the investors downside risks and the entity exercising prudence would be able to align the interest of managers and shareholders thus reducing moral hazard. The revision of the term prudence would help in addressing the reporting disparity as need was felt to counteract a possible bias towards optimism by management, which is possible by exercising prudence. This would ensure that not all the gains are recognized and the losses are recognized without sufficient justification. Including prudence in recognizing the assets and liabilities is more transparent that the prudence that is potentially unquantified in measurement. When the items are measured at historical costs then in order to recognize the profit and the value of asset, a proper degree of prudence needs to be imparted. However, the extra element of prudence should not be injected in the valuation because it will lead to the unquantified element of bias (Mazhambe 2014). Comparing the annual reports of BHP Billion Ltd and Bougainville Copper Ltd: BHP Billion Ltd prepares the financial statements according to standards of the Australian Corporations, Act 2001 and UK companies Act, 2006. While Bougainville Copper Ltd complies with the accounting standard of the PNG companies Act, 1997 and with the International financial standard reporting. The reporting of both the companies complies with the Australian Accounting Standard Board, but the new standards have not been incorporated into the reporting of both the companies for the current year of financial reporting. The financial statements are drawn on the historical cost basis for both the companies. However, BHP Billion Ltd complies with the new standards but there was no material impact on the operations of the BHP group but it may have impact on the commencing year. On the other hand, Bougainville Copper Ltd found the new standards are not mandatory (Mandatory 2014). Recommendations: The reporting entity should comply with the Australian Accounting standards in order to reflect the fair presentation of its financial performance. The company should comply with the requirement of Australian accounting in a way that it does not conflict with the objectives of the framework. Unless the Australian accounting standards requires it, the reporting entity should not offset the liabilities, income, assets or expense. The entity complying its financial statements with the accounting standards is ought to represent its financial positions, cash flow fairly and this is because it would provide useful information to the stakeholders of the company in evaluating and making decisions about the allocation of the resources that are scarce to the company. Conclusion: After going through the above analysis of the two ASX listed companies, it may be concluded that the companies are preparing the financial statements according to the standards of the AASB. However, there are some new standards, which the companies are not adhering to and this is because the standards set does not have any material impact on the companies. The standards are not included in both the companys current reporting of financials. However, in the commencing reporting period, BHP Billion would incorporate the new standards unlike Bougainville which considers the new standards not mandatory. Reference: Aasb.gov.au.(2016).Accounting standards. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Current-standards.aspx [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Asx.com.au. (2016).Home - Australian Securities Exchange - ASX. [online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016].Bcl.com.pg. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.bcl.com.pg/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/160329-2015-annual-report-and-appendix-4g.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bcl.com.pg. (2016).Papua New Guinea Mining | Bougainville Copper Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.bcl.com.pg/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bhpbilliton.com. (2016).BHP Billiton | Key Documents. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/annualreporting2015/key-documents [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bhpbilliton.com. (2016).BHP Billiton | Reports Presentations. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/reports [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance. Carey, P., Potter, B. and Tanewski, G., 2014. AASB Research Report No. Chand, P., Patel, A. and White, M., 2015. Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sized Enterprises.Australian Accounting Review,25(2), pp.139-154. Cheung, E.W.Y., 2014. Readability of financial reports and IFRS adoption in Australia. Dakis, G.S., 2016. Upcoming changes to contributions and leasing standards.Governance Directions,68(2), p.99. Grber, S., 2014.Intangible Values in Financial Accounting and Reporting: An Analysis from the Perspective of Financial Analysts. Springer. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Mazhambe, Z., 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework: Discussion Paper (DP/2013/1).Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,10(8). Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.